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| Closed canopy - 3 tiers Closed canopy - 2 tiers Open tree canopy |
| Deciduous seasonal
woodland This is also termed dry forest and is found in low-lying areas. It has an upper open canopy at 20 m high and a lower closed shrub/tree layer. The upper trees are mainly deciduous, shedding their leaves in the dry season, e.g. Whitewood (Tabebuia spp.) and birchgum (Bursera simaruba). The lower shrubby layer can be quite dense and includes thorny species like bread 'n cheese (Pithecellobium unguis-cati) and ink berry (Randia aculeata). There are lianas but few if any epiphytes. What remains of this forest is often heavily impacted. Some of the dry gullies of Barbados fit this category. The entire gully system in Barbados is of the order of 430 km in length with 250 km being forested. |
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| "Dry forest" type gully in Barbados |
Bread 'n cheese - a small tree common in the understorey of this forest
type |
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| Dry forest / scrub community in Dominica - dense,
prickly shrub layer with scattered trees
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Dry forest on the leeward coast of Martinique - yellow
patches indicate birchgum (Bursera simaruba) trees shedding their leaves in preparation for the dry season. Photo © Sean Carrington |
| Environmental factors Annual rainfall of 800-1300 mm (30-50") and a marked 5 month-long dry season.
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| Animals Iguanas, other lizards (skinks, Anoles, ground lizards), birds, hermit, ("soldier") crabs, spiders, many kinds of invertebrates
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Hermit or soldier crab on dry forest floor |
Jack spaniel (Polistes sp.) hive |
Caribbean Vegetation Mapping Project Equivalent I.B.1.N.a. Lowland or submontane drought-deciduous forest (LOWLAND/SUBMONTANE DROUGHT-DECIDUOUS FOREST) (TYPES TO BE DEFINED) at http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/tnc/products/report/append1.html |
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| Semi-evergreen seasonal
forest This is also termed moist forest and is found at slightly higher (100-300 m) or more sheltered locations. This is a two storied forest with an upper closed canopy at 20 m high and a lower tree layer at about half that height. The upper trees are mainly evergreens like Spanish oak (Inga laurina) and beefwood (Pisonia fragrans) but a minority (< 1/3) may shed their leaves in the dry season, e.g. locust (Hymenaea coubaril). The lower layer is evergreen (e.g. balata - Manilkara bidentata) with the macaw palm (Aiphanes minima) in this layer. A shrub layer with members of the coffee and guava families is present but there are few herbs and epiphytes. The canopy has many woody vines or lianas. Examples of this forest type in Barbados are found in some of the deeper gullies and parts of Turner's Hall Wood, while Wallings, Antigua, and King's Hill St Vincent are further examples. |
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| Stony Gully, Barbados | Understorey of macaw palms - Endeavour Gully, Barbados. | |
Environmental factors Annual rainfall of 1300-1800 mm (50-70") but still a 5 month-long dry season. |
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| Animals Lizards, birds, snakes and much more |
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Blind snake (Leptotyphlops bilineata), a Lesser Antillean endemic |
| Caribbean Vegetation
Mapping Project Equivalent I.C. MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS FOREST I.C.1.N.a. Lowland tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest (LOWLAND SEMI-DECIDUOUS FORESTS) I.C.1.N.a. Tabebuia pallida - Coccoloba swartzii - Bursera simaruba Forest Alliance at http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/tnc/products/report/append1.html I.C. MIXED EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS FOREST I.C.1.N.a. Lowland tropical or subtropical semi-deciduous forest (LOWLAND SEMI-DECIDUOUS FORESTS) I.C.1.N.a. Tabebuia pallida - Coccoloba swartzii - Bursera simaruba Forest Alliance at http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/tnc/products/report/append1.html |
| Evergreen seasonal forest This is also termed moist forest and is found at slightly higher (100-300 m) or more sheltered locations. It comprises mainly broad-leaved evergreen trees with some foliage reduction in the dry season. Imagine the semi-evergreen seasonal forest just described but with scattered, emergent trees like sandbox (Hura crepitans), silk cotton (Ceiba pentandra) and cabbage palm (Roystonea oleracea). Some species in this community are also found in rainforest. The more luxuriant parts of Turner's Hall Wood in Barbados fit this category. |
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Turner's Hall Wood - a relic forest of Barbados |
 UWI students on the road which runs through Turners Hall Wood. |
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Environmental factors Annual rainfall of >1800 mm (70") and a shorter 3 month-long dry season. |
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| Animals Lizards, birds, snakes |
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| Caribbean Vegetation
Mapping Project Equivalent I.A.3.N.a. Lowland tropical or subtropical seasonal evergreen forest (LOWLAND SEASONAL EVERGREEN FOREST) Ceiba pentandra - Roystonea spp. Forest Alliance at http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/tnc/products/report/append1.html |
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Sean Carrington
